In programming, what is a protocol?

In programming, a protocol refers to the set of rules that determine how data is transmitted and received over a network or between different devices and software applications. This includes specifications for formatting messages, how to establish and terminate connections, and how to handle errors and data integrity. Protocols are crucial for enabling interoperability and communication between diverse systems, ensuring that they can understand and effectively exchange information.

For instance, in web development, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a commonly used protocol that dictates how messages are formatted and transmitted on the internet, allowing web browsers and servers to communicate seamlessly. Understanding protocols is essential for software and app design, as it helps in creating applications that can effectively interact with other applications, services, and devices.